Every wonder how Fibre Channel (FC) hosts and targets really communicate? Join the SNIA Networking Storage Forum (NSF) on September 23, 2021 for a live webcast, “How Fibre Channel Hosts and Targets Really Communicate.” This SAN overview will dive into details on how initiators (hosts) and targets (storage arrays) communicate and will address key questions, like:

• How do FC links activate?
• Is FC routable?
• What kind of flow control is present in FC?
• How do initiators find targets and set up their communication?
• Finally, how does actual data get transferred between initiators and hosts, since that is the ultimate goal?

Each SAN transport has its own way to initialize and transfer data. This is an opportunity to learn how it works in the Fibre Channel world. Storage experts will introduce the concepts and demystify the inner workings of FC SAN. Register today.

Every wonder how Fibre Channel (FC) hosts and targets really communicate? Join the SNIA Networking Storage Forum (NSF) on September 23, 2021 for a live webcast, “How Fibre Channel Hosts and Targets Really Communicate.” This SAN overview will dive into details on how initiators (hosts) and targets (storage arrays) communicate and will address key questions, like:

• How do FC links activate?
• Is FC routable?
• What kind of flow control is present in FC?
• How do initiators find targets and set up their communication?
• Finally, how does actual data get transferred between initiators and hosts, since that is the ultimate goal?

Each SAN transport has its own way to initialize and transfer data. This is an opportunity to learn how it works in the Fibre Channel world. Storage experts will introduce the concepts and demystify the inner workings of FC SAN. Register today.

Everyone enjoys having storage that is fast, reliable, scalable, and affordable. But it turns out different applications have different storage needs in terms of I/O requirements, capacity, data sharing, and security.  Some need local storage, some need a centralized storage array, and others need distributed storage—which itself could be local or networked. One application might excel with block storage while another with file or object storage. For example, an OLTP database might require small amounts of very fast flash storage; a media or streaming application might need vast quantities of inexpensive disk storage with extra security safeguards; while a third application might require a mix of different storage tiers with multiple servers sharing the same data. This SNIA Networking Storage Forum "Storage for Applications" webcast series will cover the storage requirements for specific uses such as artificial intelligence (AI), database, cloud, media & entertainment, automotive, edge, and more. With limited resources, it’s important to understand the storage intent of the applications in order to choose the right storage and storage networking strategy, rather than discovering the hard way that you’ve chosen the wrong solution for your application.

We kick off this series on October 5, 2020 with “Storage for AI Applications.” AI is a technology which itself encompasses a broad range of use cases, largely divided into training and inference. In this webcast, we’ll look at what types of storage are typically needed for different aspects of AI, including different types of access (local vs. networked, block vs. file vs. object) and different performance requirements. And we will discuss how different AI implementations balance the use of on-premises vs. cloud storage. Tune in to this SNIA Networking Storage Forum (NSF) webcast to boost your natural (not artificial) intelligence about application-specific storage. Register today. Our AI experts will be waiting to answer your questions.

Everyone enjoys having storage that is fast, reliable, scalable, and affordable. But it turns out different applications have different storage needs in terms of I/O requirements, capacity, data sharing, and security.  Some need local storage, some need a centralized storage array, and others need distributed storage—which itself could be local or networked. One application might excel with block storage while another with file or object storage. For example, an OLTP database might require small amounts of very fast flash storage; a media or streaming application might need vast quantities of inexpensive disk storage with extra security safeguards; while a third application might require a mix of different storage tiers with multiple servers sharing the same data. This SNIA Networking Storage Forum “Storage for Applications” webcast series will cover the storage requirements for specific uses such as artificial intelligence (AI), database, cloud, media & entertainment, automotive, edge, and more. With limited resources, it’s important to understand the storage intent of the applications in order to choose the right storage and storage networking strategy, rather than discovering the hard way that you’ve chosen the wrong solution for your application. We kick off this series on October 5, 2020 with “Storage for AI Applications.” AI is a technology which itself encompasses a broad range of use cases, largely divided into training and inference. In this webcast, we’ll look at what types of storage are typically needed for different aspects of AI, including different types of access (local vs. networked, block vs. file vs. object) and different performance requirements. And we will discuss how different AI implementations balance the use of on-premises vs. cloud storage. Tune in to this SNIA Networking Storage Forum (NSF) webcast to boost your natural (not artificial) intelligence about application-specific storage. Register today. Our AI experts will be waiting to answer your questions.

“Big Data” has pushed the storage envelope, creating a seemingly perfect relationship with Cloud Storage. But local storage is the third wheel in this relationship, and won’t go down easy. Can this marriage survive when Big Data is being pulled in two directions? Should Big Data pick one, or can the three of them live happily ever after? This will be the topic of discussion on October 21, 2021 at our live SNIA Cloud Storage Technologies webcast, “Cloud Storage and Big Data, A Marriage Made in the Clouds.” Join us as our SNIA experts will cover:

• A short history of Big Data
• The impact of edge computing
• The erosion of the data center
• Managing data-on-the-fly
• Grid management
• Next-gen Hadoop and related technologies
• Supporting AI workloads
• Data gravity and distributed data

Register today! Our speakers will be ready to take your questions and black-tie is not required for this wedding!

“Big Data” has pushed the storage envelope, creating a seemingly perfect relationship with Cloud Storage. But local storage is the third wheel in this relationship, and won’t go down easy. Can this marriage survive when Big Data is being pulled in two directions? Should Big Data pick one, or can the three of them live happily ever after? This will be the topic of discussion on October 21, 2021 at our live SNIA Cloud Storage Technologies webcast, “Cloud Storage and Big Data, A Marriage Made in the Clouds.” Join us as our SNIA experts will cover:

• A short history of Big Data
• The impact of edge computing
• The erosion of the data center
• Managing data-on-the-fly
• Grid management
• Next-gen Hadoop and related technologies
• Supporting AI workloads
• Data gravity and distributed data

Register today! Our speakers will be ready to take your questions and black-tie is not required for this wedding!

The latest revisions of the SNIA Computational Storage Architecture and Programming Model Version 0.8 Revision 0 and the Computational Storage API v0.5 rev 0 are now live on the SNIA website. Interested to know what has been added to the specifications, SNIAOnStorage met “virtually” with Jason Molgaard, Co-Chair of the SNIA Computational Storage Technical Work Group, and Bill Martin, Co-Chair of the SNIA Technical Council and editor of the specifications, to get the details. Both SNIA volunteer leaders stressed that they welcome ideas about the specifications and invite industry colleagues to join them in continuing to define computational storage standards.  The two documents are working documents – continually being refined and enhanced. If you are not a SNIA member, you can submit public comments via the SNIA Feedback Portal. To learn if your company is a SNIA member, check the SNIA membership list. If you are a SNIA member,  go here to join the Computational Storage Technical Work Group member work area. The Computational Storage Technical Work Group chairs also welcome your emails.  Reach out to them at computationaltwg-chair@snia.org. SNIAOnStorage (SOS):  What is the overall objective of the Computational Storage Architecture and Programming Model? Jason Molgaard (JM): The overall objective of the document is to define recommended behavior for hardware and software that supports computational storage.  This is the second release of the Architecture and Programming Model, and it is very stable.  While changes are dramatic, this is primarily because of feedback we received both from the public and to a larger extent from new Technical Work Group members who have provided insight and perspective. SOS: Could you summarize what has changed in the 0.8 version of the Model? JM: Version 0.8 has four main takeaways:

1. It renames the Computational Storage Processor.  The component within a Computational Storage Device (CSx) is now called a Computational Storage Engine (CSE).  The Computational Storage Processor (CSP) now only refers to a device that contains a Computational Storage Engine (CSE) and no storage.
2. It defines a new architectural concept of a Computational Storage Engine Environment (CSEE).  This is something that is attached to a specific CSE and defines the environment that a Computational Storage Function (CSF) operates in.
3. It defines a new architectural element of a Resource Repository that contains CSEEs that are available for activation on a CSE and also CSFs that are available for activation on a CSEE.
4. Discovery and configuration flow are now documented in Version 0.8

SOS: Why did the TWG decide to work on the release of a unique API document? Bill Martin (BM): The overall objective of the Computational Storage API document is to define an interface between an application and a CSx. Version 0.5 is the first release to the public by the Technical Work Group. There are three key takeaways from version 0.5:

1. The document defines an Application Programming Interface (API) to CSxs
2. The API allows a user application on a host to have a consistent interface to any vendor’s CSx.
3. A Vendor defines a library for their device that implements the API.  Mapping to wire protocol for the device is done by this library.   Functions that are not available on a specific CSx may be implemented in software.

SOS: How can vendors use these documents? BM: The Computational Storage Architecture and Programming Model is what I would categorize as a “descriptive” document.  There are no “shalls” or “shoulds” in the document. Rather, the Model is something to use and view the elements they should be considering. It shows the components that are in the architecture, what they mean, and how they interact with each other. This allows users to understand the frameworks and options that can be implemented with a common language and understanding. The API document, in contrast, is a “prescriptive” document.  It describes how to use the elements defined within the architectural document – how to do discovery and configuration, and how to utilize the architecture. These documents are meant to be used together. Some implementations may not use all of the elements of the architecture, but all of the elements are logically there. JM: Individuals who are looking to implement computational storage – and who are developing their own computational storage devices – should absolutely review both documents and use them to provide feedback and questions. Many vendors are considering what their computational storage device should look like. This architecture framework provides good guidance and baseline nomenclature we can all use to speak the same language. SOS: Are there any specific areas where you are looking for feedback? BM:  In the API specification, we’d like feedback on whether or not the discovery should cover everything implementers want to discover about a CSx. We’d like more depth and details and what things people think they want to discover about a device.  We’d also like comments on items that need to be added on how you interact with the devices to execute a Computational Storage Function (CSF). JM:  For the Model, we’d like feedback on whether people see the value of this descriptive document and are actually following it.  We’d like to know if there are additional ideas or interests of definition that users want to see when constructing architectures, or whether there are gaps in defined activities. SOS:  Where can folks find out more information about the Specifications? BM: We invite everyone to attend the upcoming SNIA Storage Developer Conference (SDC) . We will be virtual this year on September 28 and 29.  Registrants can view 12 presentations on computational storage, including a Computational Storage Update from the Working Group that the Co-Chairs of the Computational Storage TWG, Scott Shadley and Jason Molgaard, are presenting, one I will be giving on Computational Storage Moving Forward with an Architecture and API, and another by my Computational Storage TWG colleague Oscar Pinto on Computational Storage APIs.  And anyone with interest in computational storage can attend an open discussion during SDC on computational storage advances that will be featured in a Birds-of-a-Feather session via Zoom on September 29 at 4:00 pm Pacific. Go here to learn how to attend this SDC special event and all the Birds-of-a-Feather sessions. SOS: Thanks to you both.  Our readers may want to know that  SNIA’s work in computational storage is led by the 250+ volunteer vendor members of the Computational Storage Technical Work Group.  In addition to these two specifications, the TWG has also updated computational storage terms in the Online SNIA Dictionary. The SNIA Computational Storage Special Interest Group accelerates the awareness of computational storage concepts and influences industry adoption and implementation of the technical specifications and programming models. Learn more at http://www.snia.org/cmsi The post What’s New in Computational Storage? A Conversation with SNIA Leadership first appeared on SNIA Compute, Memory and Storage Blog.

The third live webcast in our SNIA Cloud Storage Technologies Initiative confidential computing series focused on real-world deployments of confidential computing and included case studies and demonstrations. If you missed the live event, you can watch it on demand here. Our live audience asked some interesting questions, here are our expert presenters’ answers. Q.  What is the overhead in CPU cycles for running in a trusted enclave? A. We have been running some very large machine learning applications in secure enclaves using the latest available hardware, and seeing very close to “near-native” performance, with no more than 5% performance overhead compared to normal non-secure operations. This performance is significantly better in comparison to older versions of hardware. With new hardware, we are ready to take on bigger workloads with minimal overhead. Also, it is important to note that encryption and isolation are done in hardware at memory access speeds, so that is not where you will tend to see a performance issue. Regardless of which secure enclave hardware capability you choose, each uses a different technology to manage the barrier between secure enclaves. The important thing is to look at how often an application crosses the barrier, since that is where careful attention is needed. Q. How do you get around the extremely limited memory space of SGX? A. With the latest Intel® Ice Lake processors, SGX related memory limits have been significantly relaxed. With previous generations, memory was limited to 256MB of secure enclave base cache or Enclave Page Cache (EPC). With Ice Lake processors, this has been relaxed so that SGX supports memory sizes from hundreds of Gigabytes (GB) up to one Terabyte (TB) of EPC.  With this update, we are seeing very large applications now fully fit within secure enclaves, and thus gain significant performance increases. However, we should still be wary about running large commercial database suites within secure enclaves, not only with respect to memory size, but also with respect to how database operations run within CPUs. Databases are large and complex applications that use native CPU and memory features (for example shared memory), that don’t lend themselves well to constrained environments like enclaves. AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) and AWS Nitro Enclaves have different characteristics, but it’s important to note that they support very large applications in secure enclaves. Q. How can I test this stuff out?  Where can I start? A. There are a number of demonstration environments where users can test their own applications. Confidential computing offerings are available from many cloud service providers (CSPs).  It is recommended that when you’re thinking about confidential computing, talk with someone who has been through the process. They should be able to help identify challenges and demonstrate how deployment can be easier than you initially anticipated. Q. How does confidential computing compare with other technologies for data security such as homomorphic encryption and multi-party computation? A. Homomorphic encryption allows data in encrypted memory to be processed and acted upon without moving it out of the encrypted space, but it’s currently computationally expensive. In contrast, there is interest in multi-party compute. For example, someone owns data in a bank, someone else owns AI models to detect money laundering, and a third owns the compute which acts as a trusted place where the data and algorithms can come together for secure multi-party processing. Confidential computing makes this possible in a way that was previously not feasible. Homomorphic encryption, multi-party computation and confidential computing may all be used together to implement data protection. Which method is most suitable depends upon performance, security model, ease of use, scalability, flexibility of deployment architecture, and whether or not the application requires significant or regular change. Q. What industry sectors are you seeing with the most traction for confidential computing? A. We are seeing many applications related to machine learning, applications which request data from a secure database and applications in highly regulated data privacy and data protection environments. Other applications include distribution of secret information, for example web certificates across web services, web servers, key management and key distribution systems. And finally, distributed compute applications where data needs to be locally processed on secure edge platforms. We are seeing significant interest in both securing the hundreds of thousands of existing enterprise applications, data, and workloads in the public cloud. Bad actors are focused on the cloud because they know legacy security is easily undermined. Confidential clouds quickly and easily put confidential computing to work to provide instant hardware-grade enclave protections for these cloud assets with no changes to the application, deployment or IT processes. Q. How does confidential computing help with meeting compliance requirements like GDPR, CCPA, etc.? A. Regulated organizations are now seeing value in confidential computing. Applications, like UCSF which we shared earlier, can achieve HIPPA regulatory compliance much faster when using confidential computing versus other approaches. Additionally, use of new security primitives which come as part of confidential computing can make it easier to prove to regulators that an environment is secure and meets all of the necessary security regulations. The ability to show that data in use is protected as well as at rest is becoming increasingly important and auditability down to an individual application, process and CPU further demonstrates compliance. Closing thoughts… Confidential computing will be widely prevalent in the next five years, but now is the time to begin adoption. Suitable environments and hardware are available now via various CSPs and on-premises platforms.

The third live webcast in our SNIA Cloud Storage Technologies Initiative confidential computing series focused on real-world deployments of confidential computing and included case studies and demonstrations. If you missed the live event, you can watch it on demand here. Our live audience asked some interesting questions, here are our expert presenters’ answers. Q.  What is the overhead in CPU cycles for running in a trusted enclave? A. We have been running some very large machine learning applications in secure enclaves using the latest available hardware, and seeing very close to “near-native” performance, with no more than 5% performance overhead compared to normal non-secure operations. This performance is significantly better in comparison to older versions of hardware. With new hardware, we are ready to take on bigger workloads with minimal overhead. Also, it is important to note that encryption and isolation are done in hardware at memory access speeds, so that is not where you will tend to see a performance issue. Regardless of which secure enclave hardware capability you choose, each uses a different technology to manage the barrier between secure enclaves. The important thing is to look at how often an application crosses the barrier, since that is where careful attention is needed. Q. How do you get around the extremely limited memory space of SGX? A. With the latest Intel® Ice Lake processors, SGX related memory limits have been significantly relaxed. With previous generations, memory was limited to 256MB of secure enclave base cache or Enclave Page Cache (EPC). With Ice Lake processors, this has been relaxed so that SGX supports memory sizes from hundreds of Gigabytes (GB) up to one Terabyte (TB) of EPC.  With this update, we are seeing very large applications now fully fit within secure enclaves, and thus gain significant performance increases. However, we should still be wary about running large commercial database suites within secure enclaves, not only with respect to memory size, but also with respect to how database operations run within CPUs. Databases are large and complex applications that use native CPU and memory features (for example shared memory), that don’t lend themselves well to constrained environments like enclaves. AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) and AWS Nitro Enclaves have different characteristics, but it’s important to note that they support very large applications in secure enclaves. Q. How can I test this stuff out?  Where can I start? A. There are a number of demonstration environments where users can test their own applications. Confidential computing offerings are available from many cloud service providers (CSPs).  It is recommended that when you’re thinking about confidential computing, talk with someone who has been through the process. They should be able to help identify challenges and demonstrate how deployment can be easier than you initially anticipated. Q. How does confidential computing compare with other technologies for data security such as homomorphic encryption and multi-party computation? A. Homomorphic encryption allows data in encrypted memory to be processed and acted upon without moving it out of the encrypted space, but it’s currently computationally expensive. In contrast, there is interest in multi-party compute. For example, someone owns data in a bank, someone else owns AI models to detect money laundering, and a third owns the compute which acts as a trusted place where the data and algorithms can come together for secure multi-party processing. Confidential computing makes this possible in a way that was previously not feasible. Homomorphic encryption, multi-party computation and confidential computing may all be used together to implement data protection. Which method is most suitable depends upon performance, security model, ease of use, scalability, flexibility of deployment architecture, and whether or not the application requires significant or regular change. Q. What industry sectors are you seeing with the most traction for confidential computing? A. We are seeing many applications related to machine learning, applications which request data from a secure database and applications in highly regulated data privacy and data protection environments. Other applications include distribution of secret information, for example web certificates across web services, web servers, key management and key distribution systems. And finally, distributed compute applications where data needs to be locally processed on secure edge platforms. We are seeing significant interest in both securing the hundreds of thousands of existing enterprise applications, data, and workloads in the public cloud. Bad actors are focused on the cloud because they know legacy security is easily undermined. Confidential clouds quickly and easily put confidential computing to work to provide instant hardware-grade enclave protections for these cloud assets with no changes to the application, deployment or IT processes. Q. How does confidential computing help with meeting compliance requirements like GDPR, CCPA, etc.? A. Regulated organizations are now seeing value in confidential computing. Applications, like UCSF which we shared earlier, can achieve HIPPA regulatory compliance much faster when using confidential computing versus other approaches. Additionally, use of new security primitives which come as part of confidential computing can make it easier to prove to regulators that an environment is secure and meets all of the necessary security regulations. The ability to show that data in use is protected as well as at rest is becoming increasingly important and auditability down to an individual application, process and CPU further demonstrates compliance. Closing thoughts… Confidential computing will be widely prevalent in the next five years, but now is the time to begin adoption. Suitable environments and hardware are available now via various CSPs and on-premises platforms.

Questions from “Storage Trends for 2021 and Beyond” Webcast Answered

It was a great pleasure for Rick Kutcipal, board director, SCSI Trade Association (STA), to welcome Jeff Janukowicz, Research vice president at IDC and Chris Preimesberger, former editor-in-chief of eWeek, in a roundtable talk to discuss prominent data storage technologies shaping the market. If you missed this webcast titled “Storage Trends for 2021 and Beyond,” it’s now available on demand here.

The well-attended event generated a lot of questions! So many in fact, we’re authoring a two-part blog series with the answers. In part one, we recap the questions that were asked and answered during the webcast, but since we ran out of time to answer them all, please watch for part two when we tackle the rest.

Q1. How far along is 24G in development?
A1. Rick: The specification is done and most of the major players are investing in it today. Products have been announced and we’re also expecting to see server shipments in 2022. STA has a plugfest scheduled for July 6, 2021. It’s a busy time and everybody’s pretty excited about it!

Q2. What’s after 24G SAS?
A2. Rick: Naturally, one would think it would be a 48G speed bump, but it’s not clear that’s necessary. There’s still a lot of room for innovation within the SCSI stack, not just in the physical layer. The physical layer is the one that people can relate to and think “oh, it’s faster.” Keep in mind that there are a lot of features and functionality that can be added on top of that physical layer. The layered architecture of the SCSI stack, enables changes whether it’s at the protocol layer or another higher layer, without impacting the physical layer. These are happening real time and STA is having T10 technical committee meetings on a regular basis, and innovations are in the works.

Q3. Where does NVMe HDD and 25G ethernet HDD fit in?
A3. Jeff: Generally speaking, it’s still unclear how that’s going to evolve. As we look out over time, in the enterprise market on the SSD side, clearly, we’re seeing NVMe move into the majority of the shipments and SSDs are growing as a percentage of the overall unit shipments and petabytes. However, right now we’re seeing a mix of technologies that are used within a storage array or in an enterprise system. And clearly, they are SAS-based SSDs and HDDs. And with that transition to more SSDs, it’s sort of a natural question to say, “hey, what about putting the NVMe interface on HDDs?” Now you obviously don’t necessarily need it for all the performance reasons or the optimizations around non-volatile media, which is why NVMe was introduced, but there are some initiatives, and these could help bring some cost savings and further system optimizations to the industry. There are some things underway from OCP in terms of looking at NVMe based HDDs, but they’re still relatively early on at least from my perspective in terms of their development. But there are definitely some activities underway that are looking at the technology.
Rick: From my perspective, I’m seeing a surge in NVMe HDD work within OCP. My concern with NVMe HDDs is the amount of standards work that still has to be done to make them work in an enterprise environment. I think people forget it’s not just taking some media and putting an NVMe interface in front of it. How do all the drive inquiries get mapped to NVMe? How do you manage enterprise large scale spin up? I think it’s an exciting time. I think there are a lot of good possibilities, but the amount of work that’s needed can be underestimated sometimes.

Q4. Could you discuss the adoption of SAS SATA and NVMe in all flash arrays?
A4. Jeff: IDC has seen a lot of investment in terms of all flash arrays. And we’ve seen pretty rapid growth over the last couple years. In 2020, about 40% of the spending on external storage was on all flash arrays. And the reality is if you look at that today, the vast majority of those are really still built upon SAS-based SSDs. There have been some announcements from a lot of the large storage providers around NVMe-based arrays, whether it’s Dell EMC, Netapp, Pure Storage, IBM, etc. Today, these solutions have already started to become available in the market. And we do see NVMe AFA’s as a very high growth category over the next few years, but right now they’re still targeted primarily at a lot of the higher end and more performance-oriented types of applications. We’re really just starting to see them move down into the more mainstream portion of the all flash array market. Which from IDC’s perspective, if it was 40% last year, we see it growing as an overall category to about 50% of the overall spend on external storage by 2023. So clearly there is a lot going on in this market as well.
Rick: My questions in regards to NVMe and all flash arrays is always about scalability. I know there’s a lot of work going on regarding NVMe over fabrics, but if you go back and look at the amount of computational resources, memory and system resources that it takes to scale these things, there’s still some pretty big challenges ahead. I’m not saying it’s not going to happen, but of course the ecosystem, has solved hard problems in the past.

Q5. How do you differentiate between M.2 SSDs and NVMe in client system deployments?
A5. Rick: The SOCs or the controllers on these devices are very different. There are enterprise class M.2 drives, so the form factor doesn’t necessarily preclude it from fitting into one of these categories. While M.2 is more designed to the client, it’s not a hard and fast thing. Typically, it’s the traditional 2.5.
Jeff: Rick, you’re pretty much spot on. There are some differences at the SOC level and design level such as power fail protection. But there does tend to be a different firmware load a lot of times for the enterprise class drives. There can also be some differences in terms of the endurance in how those drives are designed. But if the question is about form factors, we really are at an interesting point for the industry, because historically it has always been dictated by HDD form factors. But as flash has grown, we’ve seen a lot of new form factors. M.2 is obviously one that was originally designed for some of the client market, and has now found its way into a lot of enterprise applications. E1 short is a slight variant of M.2 but is on the roadmap to be more enterprise optimized form factor. But we also see some other ones out there like E1 long, which is a longer version of E1.S. There’s also U.3 and others which are pretty interesting in terms of ways to optimize around some of the new storage media, i.e., SSDs and solid state.

Q6. Is the NVMe takeover sooner than 3-5 years?
A6. Rick: That’s a very logical question. People that aren’t in the ecosystem day-to-day might not be seeing the 24G SAS adoption. Right now, there’s a lot of investments at the system and sub-system level. For 24G SAS there are multiple adapter vendors, same as there has been in the past for 12G SAS. And from the media side, there are numerous drive vendors sampling 24G SAD drives today, and one has been announced. I think some people are going to be shocked of the 24G adoption, and that’s going to start coming to light at STA’s next plugfest, with some big demos and press announcements as products get ready to launch. So, I guess I would, say stay tuned for that one because I think people, some people, are going to be pretty surprised.